NAD+

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is not a peptide but a dinucleotide coenzyme present in every living cell, and arguably the most consequential single molecule in cellular energy metabolism. It functions as the principal electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain—cycling between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms to drive ATP synthesis—and simultaneously serves as the obligate substrate consumed (not regenerated) by three major enzyme classes: sirtuins (SIRT1-7), PARP enzymes involved in DNA strand-break repair, and cADPR synthases involved in calcium signaling.

The aging-and-NAD+ research field has accelerated dramatically since Gomes et al. (Cell, 2013) demonstrated that declining NAD+ levels in aging mice produced a pseudo-hypoxic state in muscle tissue by disrupting SIRT1-HIF-1α interactions—and that this was partially reversible by NAD+ precursor application. Subsequent work by Yoshino, Imai, and others has established in rodent models that NAD+ supplementation can enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, improve metabolic flexibility, and modulate SIRT1/SIRT3 activity in ways that affect insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure.

APEX 100 supplies NAD+ as a 500mg lyophilized vial, verified to ≥99% purity (CAS 53-84-9, MW 663.43 Da), with a full Certificate of Analysis. Freely soluble in sterile water.

For research and laboratory use only. Not for human consumption.

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